| 1. Metabolism |
|
|
| 1.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis |
|
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) |
|
Pentose phosphate pathway |
|
Pentose and glucuronate
interconversions |
|
Fructose and mannose metabolism |
|
Galactose metabolism |
|
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism |
|
Starch and sucrose metabolism |
|
Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar
metabolism |
|
Pyruvate metabolism |
|
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate
metabolism |
|
Propanoate metabolism |
|
Butanoate metabolism |
|
C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism |
|
Inositol phosphate metabolism |
| 1.2 Energy Metabolism |
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Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Photosynthesis |
|
Photosynthesis - antenna proteins |
|
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic
organisms |
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Reductive carboxylate cycle in
photosynthetic bacteria |
|
Methane metabolism |
|
Nitrogen metabolism |
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Sulfur metabolism |
| 1.3 Lipid Metabolism |
|
Fatty acid biosynthesis |
|
Fatty acid elongation in
mitochondria |
|
Fatty acid metabolism |
|
Synthesis and degradation of ketone
bodies |
|
Steroid biosynthesis |
|
Primary bile acid biosynthesis |
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Secondary bile acid biosynthesis |
|
Steroid hormone biosynthesis Major
update! |
|
Glycerolipid metabolism |
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Glycerophospholipid metabolism |
|
Ether lipid metabolism |
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Sphingolipid metabolism |
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Arachidonic acid metabolism |
|
Linoleic acid metabolism |
|
alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism |
|
Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty
acids |
| 1.4 Nucleotide Metabolism |
|
Purine metabolism |
|
Pyrimidine metabolism |
| 1.5 Amino Acid Metabolism |
|
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate
metabolism |
|
Glycine, serine and threonine
metabolism |
|
Cysteine and methionine metabolism |
|
Valine, leucine and isoleucine
degradation |
|
Valine, leucine and isoleucine
biosynthesis |
|
Lysine biosynthesis |
|
Lysine degradation |
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Arginine and proline metabolism |
|
Histidine metabolism |
|
Tyrosine metabolism |
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Phenylalanine metabolism |
|
Tryptophan metabolism |
|
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and
tryptophan biosynthesis |
| 1.6 Metabolism of Other Amino Acids |
|
beta-Alanine metabolism |
|
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism |
|
Phosphonate and phosphinate
metabolism |
|
Selenoamino acid metabolism |
|
Cyanoamino acid metabolism |
|
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate
metabolism |
|
D-Arginine and D-ornithine
metabolism |
|
D-Alanine metabolism |
|
Glutathione metabolism |
| 1.7 Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism |
|
N-Glycan biosynthesis |
|
High-mannose type N-glycan
biosynthesis |
|
O-Glycan biosynthesis |
|
O-Mannosyl glycan biosynthesis |
|
Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis -
chondroitin sulfate |
|
Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis -
heparan sulfate |
|
Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis -
keratan sulfate |
|
Glycosaminoglycan degradation |
|
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchor
biosynthesis |
|
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis -
lacto and neolacto series |
|
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis -
globo series |
|
Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis -
ganglio series |
|
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis |
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Peptidoglycan biosynthesis |
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Other glycan degradation |
| 1.8 Biosynthesis of Polyketides and Nonribosomal Peptides |
|
Type I polyketide structures |
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Biosynthesis of 12-, 14- and
16-membered macrolides |
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Biosynthesis of ansamycins |
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Biosynthesis of type II polyketide
backbone |
|
Biosynthesis of type II polyketide
products |
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Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis |
|
Nonribosomal peptide structures |
|
Biosynthesis of siderophore group
nonribosomal peptides |
|
Biosynthesis of vancomycin group
antibiotics |
| 1.9 Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins |
|
Thiamine metabolism |
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Riboflavin metabolism |
|
Vitamin B6 metabolism |
|
Nicotinate and nicotinamide
metabolism |
|
Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis |
|
Biotin metabolism |
|
Lipoic acid metabolism |
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Folate biosynthesis |
|
One carbon pool by folate |
|
Retinol metabolism |
|
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism |
|
Ubiquinone and other
terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis |
| 1.10 Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites |
|
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis |
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Diterpenoid biosynthesis |
|
Monoterpenoid biosynthesis |
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Limonene and pinene degradation |
|
Zeatin biosynthesis |
|
Sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis |
|
Carotenoid biosynthesis |
|
Brassinosteroid biosynthesis |
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Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis |
|
Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and
gingerol biosynthesis |
|
Flavonoid biosynthesis |
|
Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis |
|
Anthocyanin biosynthesis |
|
Isoflavonoid biosynthesis |
|
Indole alkaloid biosynthesis |
|
Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis |
|
Tropane, piperidine and pyridine
alkaloid biosynthesis |
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Acridone alkaloid biosynthesis |
|
Caffeine metabolism |
|
Betalain biosynthesis |
|
Glucosinolate biosynthesis |
|
Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis |
|
Penicillin and cephalosporin
biosynthesis |
|
beta-Lactam resistance |
|
Streptomycin biosynthesis |
|
Tetracycline biosynthesis |
|
Clavulanic acid biosynthesis |
|
Puromycin biosynthesis |
|
Novobiocin biosynthesis |
|
Insect hormone biosynthesis |
| 1.11 Xenobiotics Biodegradation and Metabolism |
|
Caprolactam degradation |
|
Biphenyl degradation |
|
Toluene and xylene degradation |
|
gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane
degradation |
|
3-Chloroacrylic acid degradation |
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1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane
(DDT) degradation |
|
2,4-Dichlorobenzoate degradation |
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1,2-Dichloroethane degradation |
|
Tetrachloroethene degradation |
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Styrene degradation |
|
1,4-Dichlorobenzene degradation |
|
Naphthalene and anthracene
degradation |
|
Ethylbenzene degradation |
|
Fluorene degradation |
|
Carbazole degradation |
|
Benzoate degradation via CoA
ligation |
|
Benzoate degradation via
hydroxylation |
|
Atrazine degradation |
|
Bisphenol A degradation |
|
1- and 2-Methylnaphthalene
degradation |
|
Trinitrotoluene degradation |
|
Geraniol degradation |
|
Fluorobenzoate degradation |
|
Metabolism of xenobiotics by
cytochrome P450 |
|
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450 |
|
Drug metabolism - other enzymes |
| 1.12 Overview |
|
Overview of biosynthetic pathways |
|
Biosynthesis of plant secondary
metabolites |
|
Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids |
|
Biosynthesis of terpenoids and
steroids |
|
Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived
from shikimate pathway |
|
Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived
from ornithine, lysine and nicotinic acid |
|
Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived
from histidine and purine |
|
Biosynthesis of alkaloids derived
from terpenoid and polyketide |
|
Biosynthesis of plant hormones |
|
|
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|
| 2. Genetic Information Processing |
|
|
| 2.1
Transcription |
|
RNA polymerase |
|
Basal transcription factors |
|
Spliceosome |
| 2.2
Translation |
|
Ribosome |
|
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis |
| 2.3 Folding,
Sorting and Degradation |
|
Protein export Category changed! |
|
SNARE interactions in vesicular
transport |
|
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis |
|
Proteasome |
|
RNA degradation |
| 2.4
Replication and Repair |
|
DNA replication |
|
Base excision repair |
|
Nucleotide excision repair |
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Mismatch repair |
|
Homologous recombination |
|
Non-homologous end-joining |
|
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|
|
| 3. Environmental Information Processing |
|
|
| 3.1 Membrane
Transport |
|
ABC transporters |
|
Phosphotransferase system (PTS) |
|
Bacterial secretion system |
| 3.2 Signal
Transduction |
|
Two-component system |
|
MAPK signaling pathway |
|
MAPK signaling pathway - fly |
|
MAPK signaling pathway - yeast |
|
ErbB signaling pathway |
|
Wnt signaling pathway |
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Notch signaling pathway |
|
Hedgehog signaling pathway |
|
TGF-beta signaling pathway |
|
VEGF signaling pathway |
|
Jak-STAT signaling pathway |
|
Calcium signaling pathway |
|
Phosphatidylinositol signaling
system |
|
mTOR signaling pathway |
| 3.3
Signaling Molecules and Interaction |
|
Neuroactive ligand-receptor
interaction |
|
Cytokine-cytokine receptor
interaction |
|
ECM-receptor interaction |
|
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
|
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|
| 4. Cellular Processes |
|
|
| 4.1
Transport and Catabolism |
|
Endocytosis |
|
Lysosome |
|
Peroxisome New! |
|
Regulation of autophagy |
| 4.2 Cell
Motility |
|
Bacterial chemotaxis |
|
Flagellar assembly |
|
Regulation of actin cytoskeleton |
| 4.3 Cell
Growth and Death |
|
Cell cycle |
|
Cell cycle - yeast |
|
Meiosis - yeast |
|
Oocyte meiosis |
|
Apoptosis |
|
p53 signaling pathway |
| 4.4 Cell
Communication |
|
Focal adhesion |
|
Adherens junction |
|
Tight junction |
|
Gap junction |
|
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| 5. Organismal Systems |
|
|
| 5.1 Immune
System |
|
Hematopoietic cell lineage |
|
Complement and coagulation cascades |
|
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway |
|
NOD-like receptor signaling pathway |
|
RIG-I-like receptor signaling
pathway |
|
Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway |
|
Natural killer cell mediated
cytotoxicity |
|
Antigen processing and presentation |
|
T cell receptor signaling pathway |
|
B cell receptor signaling pathway |
|
Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway |
|
Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis |
|
Leukocyte transendothelial migration |
|
Intestinal immune network for IgA
production |
|
Chemokine signaling pathway |
| 5.2
Endocrine System |
|
Insulin signaling pathway |
|
Adipocytokine signaling pathway |
|
PPAR signaling pathway |
|
GnRH signaling pathway |
|
Progesterone-mediated oocyte
maturation |
|
Melanogenesis |
|
Renin-angiotensin system |
| 5.3
Circulatory System |
|
Cardiac muscle contraction |
|
Vascular smooth muscle contraction |
| 5.4
Excretory System |
|
Aldosterone-regulated sodium
reabsorption New! |
|
Vasopressin-regulated water
reabsorption New! |
| 5.5 Nervous
System |
|
Long-term potentiation |
|
Long-term depression |
|
Neurotrophin signaling pathway |
| 5.6 Sensory
System |
|
Olfactory transduction |
|
Taste transduction |
| 5.7
Development |
|
Dorso-ventral axis formation |
|
Axon guidance |
| 5.8
Environmental Adaptation |
|
Circadian rhythm - mammal |
|
Circadian rhythm - fly |
|
Circadian rhythm - plant |
|
Plant-pathogen interaction New! |
|
|
|
|
| 6. Human Diseases |
|
|
| 6.1 Cancers |
|
Pathways in cancer (overview) |
|
Colorectal cancer |
|
Pancreatic cancer |
|
Glioma |
|
Thyroid cancer |
|
Acute myeloid leukemia |
|
Chronic myeloid leukemia |
|
Basal cell carcinoma |
|
Melanoma |
|
Renal cell carcinoma |
|
Bladder cancer |
|
Prostate cancer |
|
Endometrial cancer |
|
Small cell lung cancer |
|
Non-small cell lung cancer |
| 6.2 Immune
System Diseases |
|
Asthma |
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
|
Autoimmune thyroid disease |
|
Allograft rejection |
|
Graft-versus-host disease |
|
Primary immunodeficiency |
| 6.3
Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
Alzheimer's disease |
|
Parkinson's disease |
|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
|
Huntington's disease |
|
Prion diseases |
| 6.4
Circulatory Diseases |
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) |
|
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy (ARVC) |
|
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) |
|
Viral myocarditis |
| 6.5
Metabolic Diseases |
|
Type I diabetes mellitus |
|
Type II diabetes mellitus |
|
Maturity onset diabetes of the young |
| 6.6
Infectious Diseases |
|
Vibrio cholerae infection |
|
Vibrio cholerae pathogenic cycle |
|
Epithelial cell signaling in
Helicobacter pylori infection |
|
Pathogenic Escherichia coli
infection |
|
|
|
|
| 7. Drug Development |
|
|
| 7.1
Chronology: Antibiotics |
|
Penicillins |
|
Cephalosporins - parenteral agents |
|
Cephalosporins - oral agents |
|
Aminoglycosides |
|
Tetracyclines |
|
Macrolides and ketolides |
|
Quinolones |
|
Rifamycins |
| 7.2
Chronology: Antineoplastics |
|
Antineoplastics - alkylating agents |
|
Antineoplastics - antimetabolic
agents |
|
Antineoplastics - agents from
natural products |
|
Antineoplastics - hormones |
|
Antineoplastics - protein kinases
inhibitors |
| 7.3
Chronology: Nervous System Agents |
|
Hypnotics |
|
Anxiolytics |
|
Anticonvulsants |
|
Local analgesics |
|
Opioid analgesics |
|
Antipsychotics |
|
Antipsychotics - phenothiazines |
|
Antipsychotics - butyrophenones |
|
Antidepressants |
| 7.4
Chronology: Other Drugs |
|
Sulfonamide derivatives - sulfa
drugs |
|
Sulfonamide derivatives - diuretics |
|
Sulfonamide derivatives -
hypoglycemic agents |
|
Antiarrhythmic drugs |
|
Antacids |
|
Antivirals |
|
Immunosuppressive agents |
|
Osteoporosis drugs New! |
| 7.5 Target
Based Classification |
|
Serotonin receptor
agonists/antagonists |
|
Dopamine receptor
agonists/antagonists |
|
Histamine receptor antagonists |
|
beta-Adrenergic receptor
agonists/antagonists |
|
alpha-Adrenergic receptor
agonists/antagonists |
|
Calcium channel blocking agents |
|
Catecholamine transferase inhibitors |
|
Angiotensin antagonists |
|
HIV protease inhibitors |
|
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors |
|
Cholinergic and anticolinergic drugs |
|
Nicotinic cholinergic receptor
antagonists |
|
PPAR agonists |
|
RAR and RXR agonists/antagonists |
| 7.6
Structure Based Classification |
|
Azoles |
|
Quinolines |
|
Statins |
|
Eicosanoids |
|
Prostaglandins |
| 7.7 Skeleton
Based Classification |
|
Benzoic acid family |
|
2-Aminothiazole family |
|
1,2-Diphenyl substitution family |
|
Furan family |
|
Naphthalene family |
|
Sulfonamide family |
|
Butyrophenone family |
|
Benzodiazepine family |